Electromagnetically shielded slot transmission line

ABSTRACT

An electro-magnetically shielded slot-transmission line is formed by metallizing the opposing sides of a slot cut through a dielectric substrate. A ground plane is deposited on the bottom of the substrate. Conductive vias through the substrate and that contact the ground plane are located on both sides of the metallized slot surfaces. Conductive pads on the upper surface and which contact the vias provide additional shielding.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to multi-circuit electronic communicationsystems, and more particularly, to a dedicated transmission channelstructure for use in such systems and these transmission channelstructures may be utilized in all parts of a transmission system, chippackaging, circuit board construction, interconnect devices, launchesfrom and to chips, circuit boards, interconnects and cables.

Various means of electronic transmission are known in the art. Most, ifnot all of these transmission means, suffer from inherent speedlimitations such as both the upper frequency limit and the actual time asignal requires to move from one point to another within the system,which is commonly referred to as propagation delay. They simply arelimited in their electronic performance primarily by their structure,and secondarily by their material composition. One traditional approachutilizes conductive pins, such as those found in an edge card connectoras is illustrated in FIG. 1. In this type of structure a plurality ofconductive pins, or terminals 20, are arranged within a plastic housing21 and this arrangement provides operational speeds of about 800 to 900MHz. An improvement upon this standard structure is represented by edgecard connectors that may be known in the art as “Hi-Spec” and which areillustrated in FIG. 2, in which the system includes large groundcontacts 25 and small signal contacts 26 disposed within an insulativeconnector housing 27. The smaller signal contacts 26 couple to thelarger ground contacts 25. The signal contacts in these structures arenot differential signal contacts, but are merely single-ended signal,meaning that every signal contact is flanked by a ground contact. Theoperational speeds for this type of system are believed to be about 2.3Ghz.

Yet another improvement in this field is referred to as a “triad” or“triple” connector in which conductive terminals are disposed within aplastic housing 28 in a triangular pattern, and the terminals include alarge ground terminal 29, and two smaller differential signal terminals30, as illustrated in FIG. 3, and, as described in greater detail U.S.Pat. No. 6,280,209. This triad/triple structure has an apparent upperlimit speed of about 4 Ghz. All three of these approaches utilize, inthe simplest sense, conductive pins in a plastic housing in order toprovide a transmission line for electronic signals.

In each of these type constructions, it is desired to maintain afunctional transmission line through the entire delivery path of thesystem, including through the circuit board(s), the mating interface andthe source and load of the system. It is difficult to achieve thedesired uniformity within the system when the transmission system isconstructed from individual pins. Discrete point-to-point connectionsare used in these connectors for signal, ground and power. Each of theseconductors was designed as either a conductor or a means of providingelectrical continuity and usually did not take into account transmissionline effects. Most of the conductors were designed as a standardpinfield so that all the pins, or terminals, were identical, regardlessof their designated electrical function and the pins were furtherarranged at a standard pitch, material type and length. Althoughsatisfactory in performance at low operating speeds, at high operationalspeeds, these systems would consider the conductors as discontinuitiesin the system that affect the operation and speed thereof.

Many signal terminals or pins in these systems were connected to thesame ground return conductor, and thus created a high signal to groundratio, which did not lend themselves to high-speed signal transmissionbecause large current loops are forced between the signals and theground, which current loops reduce the bandwidth and increase the crosstalk of the system, thereby possibly degrading the system performance.

Bandwidth (“BW”) is proportional to 1/√(LC), where L is the inductanceof the system components, C is the capacitance of the system components.The inductive and capacitive components of the signal delivery systemwork to reduce the bandwidth of the system, even in totally homogeneoussystems without discontinuities. These inductive and capacitivecomponents can be minimized by reducing the overall path length throughthe system, primarily through limiting the area of the current paththrough the system and reducing the total plate area of the systemelements. However, as the transmission frequency increases, thereduction in size creates its own problem in that the effective physicallength is reduced to rather small sizes. High frequencies in the 10 Ghzrange and above render most of the calculated system path lengthsunacceptable.

In addition to aggregate inductance and capacitance across the systembeing limiting performance factors, any non-homogeneous geometricaland/or material transitions create discontinuities. Using about 3.5 Ghzas a minimum cutoff frequency in a low voltage differential signalsystem operating at around 12.5 Gigabits per second (Gbps), the use of adielectric with a dielectric constant of about 3.8 will yield a criticalpath length of about 0.25 inches, over which length discontinuities maybe tolerated. This dimension renders impracticable the ability of one toconstruct a system that includes a source, transmission load and loadwithin the given quarter-inch. It can thus be seen that the evolution ofelectronic transmission structures have progressed fromuniform-structured pin arrangements to functionally dedicated pinsarrangements to attempted unitary structured interfaces, yet the pathlength and other factors still limit these structures. With theaforementioned prior art structures, it was not feasible to carry highfrequency signals due to the physical restraints of these systems andthe short critical path lengths needed for such transmission.

In order to obtain an effective transmission structure, one mustmaintain a constant and dedicated transmission line over the entiredelivery path: from the source, through the interface and to the load.This would include the matable interconnects and printed circuit boards,the interconnect signal launch into and out from the circuit boards orother transmission media such as cables and even the semiconductordevice chip packaging. This is very difficult to achieve when thedelivery system is constructed from individual, conductive pins designedto interconnect with other individual conductive pins because ofpotential required changes in the size, shape and position of thepins/terminals with respect to each other. For example, in a right angleconnector, the relationship between the rows of pins/terminals change inboth the length and the electrical coupling. High speed interconnectdesign principles that include all areas between the source and load ofthe system including chip pacakaging, printed circuit boards, boardconnectors and cable assemblies are being used in transmission systemswith sources of up to 2.5 Gbps. One such principle is the principle ofground by design, which provides added performance over a standard pinfield in that coupling is enhanced between the signal and ground pathsand single-ended operation is complimented. Another principle being usedin such systems includes impedance tuning to minimize discontinuities.Yet another design principle is pinout optimization where signal andreturn paths are assigned to specific pins in the pin field to maximizethe performance. These type of systems all are limited with respect toattaining the critical path lengths mentioned above.

The present invention is directed to an improved transmission ordelivery system that overcomes the aforementioned disadvantages andwhich operates at higher speeds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present directed is therefore directed to an improved transmissionstructure that overcomes the aforementioned disadvantages and utilizesgrouped electrically conductive elements to form a unitary mechanicalstructure that provides a complete electronic transmission channel thatis similar in one sense to a fiber optic system. The focus of theinvention is on providing a complete, copper-based electronictransmission channel rather than utilizing either individual conductivepins or separable interfaces with copper conductors as the transmissionchannel, the transmission channels of the invention yielding morepredictable electrical performance and greater control of operationalcharacteristics. Such improved systems of the present invention arebelieved to offer operating speeds for digital signal transmission of upto at least 12.5 GHz at extended path lengths which are much greaterthan 0.25 inch.

Accordingly, it is a general object of the present invention to providean engineered waveguide that functions as a grouped element channellink, where the link includes an elongated dielectric body portion andat least two conductive elements disposed along the exterior surfacethereof.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a high-speedchannel link (or transmission line) having an elongated body portion ofa given cross-section, the body portion being formed from a dielectricwith a selected dielectric constant, and the link having, in its mostbasic structure, two conductive elements disposed on the exteriorsurface thereof, the elements being of similar size and shape andoriented thereon, in opposition to each other, so as to steer theelectrical energy wave traveling through the link by establishingparticular electrical and magnetic fields between the two conductiveelements and maintaining these fields throughout the length of thechannel link.

A further object of the present invention is to control the impedance ofthe channel link by selectively sizing the conductive elements and thegaps therebetween on the exterior surface of the elongated body tomaintain balanced or unbalanced electrical & magnetic fields.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a improvedelectrical transmission channel that includes a flat substrate, and aplurality of grooves formed in the substrate, the grooves havingopposing sidewalls and the grooves being spaced apart by interveninglands of the substrate, the sidewalls of the grooves having a conductivematerial deposited thereon, such as by plating or deposition, to formelectronic transmission channels within the grooves, or the conductivematerial being disposed as metal strips, metal inlays or adhered metalon opposite sidewalls of the grooves.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide apre-engineered wave guide in which at least a pair of conductiveelements are utilized to provide differential signal transmission, i.e.,signal in (“+”) and signal out (“−”), the pair of conductive elementsbeing disposed on the exterior of the dielectric body so as to permitthe establishment of capacitance per unit length, inductance per unitlength, impedance, attenuation and propagation delay per unit length,and establishing these pre-determined performance parameters within thechannels formed by the conductive elements.

A yet further object of the present invention is to provide an improvedtransmission line in the form of a solid link, of preferably uniform,circular cross-section, the link including at least a pair of conductiveelements disposed thereon that serve to guide the electrical wavetherethrough, the link including at least one thin filament ofdielectric material having two conductive surfaces disposed thereon, theconductive surfaces extending lengthwise of the filament and separatedby two circumferential arcuate extents, the conductive surfaces furtherbeing separated from each other to form a discrete, two-elementtransmission channel that reduces the current loop and in which thesignal conductors are more tightly aligned.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a non-circulartransmission line for high speed applications, which includes anelongated rectangular or square dielectric member having an exteriorsurface with at least four distinct sectors disposed thereon, thedielectric member including a pair of conductive elements aligned witheach other and disposed on two of the sectors, while separated by anintervening sector.

The present invention accomplishes the above and other objects by virtueof its unique structure. In one principal aspect, the present inventionincludes a transmission line that is formed from a dielectric with apreselected dielectric constant and a preselected cross-sectionalconfiguration. A pair of conductive surfaces are disposed on thedielectric line, or link, and one preferably aligned with each other andseparated from each other. The conductive surfaces serve as wave guidesfor guiding electrical energy along the transmission link.

In another principal aspect of the present invention, the conductiveelements are grouped together as a pair on a single element, thusdefining a unitized wave guide that may be run between and amongsuccessive printed circuit boards and connected thereto withoutdifficulty. The conductive surfaces may be formed by selectivelydepositing conductive material thereon, such as by plating, the exteriorsurface of the dielectric body, or by molding or otherwise attaching anactual conductor to the body. In this manner, the dielectric may beformed with bends and the conductive surfaces that exist on the surfacethereof maintains their spaced apart arrangement of grouped channelconductors along and throughout the bends of the dielectric body.

In yet another principal aspect of the invention, the exterior of thetransmission line may be covered by a protective outer jacket, orsleeve. The conductive surfaces may be disposed on the dielectric bodyin a balanced arrangement with equal widths, or an unbalancedarrangement with one or more pairs of conductive elements, and theconductive elements having different widths. Three conductive elementsmay be disposed on the dielectric body to support a differential tripleon the transmission line utilizing a pair of differential signalconductors and an associated ground conductor. The number of conductivesurfaces is limited only by the size of the dielectric body, and foursuch discrete conductive elements may be used to support two differentsignal channels or a single differential pair with dual grounds.

In still another principal aspect of the present invention, a unitarytransmission line is formed within one cavity, or within a plurality ofselectively-sized metallized cavities are formed within a substrate. Thesubstrate is grooved to form the cavities and the sidewalls of thegrooves may be plated with a conductive material. The air gap betweenthe sidewalls of the cavities, or grooves, in this instance, serves asthe dielectric of the transmission channel. In this structure, thedielectric constant of air is different and less than the dielectricconstant of the dielectric body so as to influence signal propagationrate, while electrical affinity and particularly, coupling between theconductive elements in the grooves and not between adjacent signaltransmission channels of the transmission line is controlled by geometryand material, while increasing transmission speed.

In yet another principal aspect of the present invention, theaforementioned transmission links may be used to carry power. In suchcircumstances, the underlying transmission line will include a grooveddielectric, with a continuous contact region being formed within thegrooves, i.e., covering the sidewalls and bases of the groove. Thecontinuous contact area that is present on these three surfaces for thelength of the groove extends the current carrying capability of thestructure. A ground plane may be utilized to increase capacitivecoupling among the power channels and the ground plane to reduce thesource impedance of the overall structure. The transmission line may beformed with projecting ridges, or lands, that serve to define troughsthere between. The conductive surfaces are formed in the troughs by wayof a continuous process, such as selective plating, so that a continuousplated trough, i.e., two sidewalls and an interconnecting base areformed which extend for the length of the transmission line. Thisincreases the current carrying capability of the transmission line. Ahigh capacitance may then be created across the dielectric between twosignal conductors to reduce the source impedance of the system.

In a slot transmission line, the opposing sidewalls of a slot or groovethrough a substrate, can be plated with a conductive material to formcontinuous contacts that extend the length of the transmission line andopposite polarity signals (i.e., “+” and “−”) may be carried along thesecontacts. High-frequency signals on the conductive material can beconfined as well as shielded from electromagnetic interference by avirtual shield around the conductors embodied by several conductive viasalongside the conductors. In addition, ground conductors below theconductors and on the surface of the substrate provide furthershielding.

The transmission lines of the invention may carry both signals and powerand thus may be easily divided into separate signal channels and powerchannels. The signal channels may be made with conductive strips orpaths of a pre-selected width, while the power channels, in order tocarry high currents, may include either wider strips or an enlarged,continues conductor strip. The wider strips are enlarged plate areas ascompared to the signal strips and have a high capacitance. The signaland power channels may be separated by a wide, non-conductive area ofthe transmission line that serves as an isolation region. Because theisolation region may be formed during the forming of the underlyingdielectric base, the isolation region may be readily defined to minimizecross-contamination or electrical interference.

These and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will be clearly understood through a consideration of thefollowing detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the course of this detailed description, the reference will befrequently made to the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of the terminating face of aconventional connector;

FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of an edge card used in a high speedconnector;

FIG. 3 is a schematic elevational view of a high speed connectorutilizing a triad or triple;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a grouped element channel linkconstructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic end view of the grouped element channel link ofFIG. 4 illustrating the arcuate extents of the conductive elements andthe spacing there between;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a groupedelement channel link constructed in accordance with the principles ofthe present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a transmission link of the presentinvention used to connect a source with a load having intermediate loadson the transmission link;

FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a connector element utilizing bothconventional contacts “A” and the transmission links “B” of theinvention, with enlarged detail portions at “A” and “B” thereof,illustrating the occurrence of inductance in the respective systems;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an alternate construction of a link ofthe invention with a right angle bend formed therein;

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a transmission line utilizing the linksof the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating alternate media compositionsof the links of the invention;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an array of different shapes ofdielectric bodies illustrating alternate conductive surfacearrangements;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an array of non-circular cross-sectiondielectric bodies that may be used to form links of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of another array of non-circularcross-section dielectric bodies suitable for use as links of theinvention;

FIG. 15 is an exploded view of a connector assembly incorporating amultiple element link of the invention that is used to provide atransmission line between two connectors;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a connector assembly having twoconnector housings interconnected by the transmission link of FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic view of a transmission channel of the presentinvention with two interconnecting blocks formed at opposite ends of thechannel and illustrating the potential flexible nature of the invention;

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of an array of differently configureddielectric bodies that may be used as links of the with different lenscharacteristics;

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a multiple transmission link extrusionwith different signal channels formed thereon;

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a multiple transmission link extrusionused in the invention;

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a mating interface used with a discretetransmission link of the invention, in which mating interface takes theform of a hollow endcap;

FIG. 22 is a rear perspective view of the endcap of FIG. 21,illustrating the center opening thereof that receives an end portion ofthe transmission link therein;

FIG. 23 is a frontal perspective view of the endcap of FIG. 21,illustrating the orientation of the exterior contacts;

FIG. 24 is a plan view of a multiple transmission link right angle,curved connector assembly;

FIG. 25 is a perspective view of an alternate construction of one of thetermination ends of the connector assembly;

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a connector suitable for use inconnecting transmission channel links of the present invention to acircuit board;

FIG. 27A is a skeletal perspective view of the connector of FIG. 26illustrating, in phantom, some of the internal contacts of theconnector;

FIG. 27B is a perspective view of the interior contact assembly of theconnector of FIG. 27A, with the sidewalls removed and illustrating thestructure and placement of the coupling staple thereon;

FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view of the connector of FIG. 26, takenalong lines 28-28 thereof;

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of electro-magnetically shielded slottransmission lines in a dielectric substrate;

FIG. 30 is a sectional view of the substrate shown in FIG. 29 depictingthe shielding structures; and,

FIG. 31 is an end-view of an alternate embodiment ofelectro-magnetically shielded slot transmission lines.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 4 illustrates a grouped element channel link 50 constructed inaccordance with the principles of the present invention. It can be seenthat the link 50 includes an elongated, dielectric body 51, preferably acylindrical filament, that is similar to a length of fiber opticmaterial. It differs therefrom in that the link 50 acts as apre-engineered wave guide and a dedicated transmission media. In thisregard, the body 51 is formed of a dedicated dielectric having aspecific dielectric constant and a plurality of conductive elements 52applied thereto.

In FIGS. 4 and 5, the conductive elements 52 are illustrated aselongated extents, traces or strips, 52 of conductive material and, assuch, they may be traditional copper or precious metal extents having adefinite cross-section that may be molded or otherwise attached, such asby adhesive or other means to the dielectric body of the link 50. Theymay also be formed on the exterior surface 55 of the body 51 such as bya suitable plating or vacuum deposition process. The conductive traces52 are disposed on the exterior surface and have a width that extendsalong the perimeter of the dielectric body.

At least two such conductors are used on each link, typically are usedfor signal conveyance of differential signals, such as +0.5 volts and−0.5 volts. The use of such a differential signal arrangement permits usto characterize structures of this invention as pre-engineeredwaveguides that are maintained over substantially the entire length ofthe signal delivery path. The use of the dielectric body 51 provides forpreferred coupling to occur within the link. In the simplest embodiment,as illustrated in FIG. 5, the conductive elements are disposed on twoopposing faces, so that the electrical affinity of each of theconductive elements is for each other through the dielectric body uponwhich they are supported, or in the case of a conductive channel as willbe explained in greater detail to follow and as illustrated in FIGS.29-30, the conductive elements are disposed on two or more interiorfaces of the cavity/cavities to establish the primary coupling modeacross the cavity gap and through an air dielectric. In this manner, thelinks of the present invention may be considered as the electricalequivalent to a fiber optic channel or extent.

The present invention is directed to electrical waveguides. Thewaveguides of the present invention are intended to maintain electricalsignals at desired levels of electrical affinity at high frequenciesfrom about 1.0 Ghz to at least 12.5 Ghz and preferably higher. Opticalwaveguides, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,377,741, issued Apr. 23,2002, typically rely upon a single outer coating, or cladding, havingmirror-like reflective properties to maintain the light energy moving ina selected direction. Openings in the outer coating/cladding will resultin a dispersal of the light traveling through the waveguide, whichadversely affects the light beam of the waveguide. Microwave waveguidesare used at very high frequencies to direct the energy of the microwavebeam, rather than transmit it as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 6,114,677,issued Sep. 5, 2002 in which a microwave waveguide is used to direct themicrowaves at the center portion of an oven. Such a directional aim isalso utilized the microwave antenna art. In each instance, these type ofwaveguides are used to focus and direct the energy of the light ofmicrowave traveling through them, whereas in the present invention, theentire waveguide structure is engineered to maintain an electricalsignal at desired frequency(ies) and impedance, capacitance andinductance.

The effectiveness of the links of the present invention are dependentupon the guiding and maintenance of digital signals through the channellink, by utilizing two or more conductive surfaces of electricalcontainment. This will include maintaining the integrity of the signal,controlling the emissions and minimizing loss through the link. Thechannel links of the present invention contain the electromagneticfields of the signals transmitted therethrough by controlling thematerial of the channel link and the geometries of the system componentsso that preferred field coupling will be provided. Simply stated, thepresent invention creates an engineered transmission line by defining aregion of electrical affinity, i.e., the dielectric body 51, that isbounded by conductors, i.e., conductive surfaces 52, of opposing charge,i.e., negative and positive differential signals.

As illustrated better in FIG. 5, the two conductive surfaces 52 arearranged on the dielectric body 51 in opposition to each other. Thedielectric body 51 shown in FIG. 4 takes the form of a cylindrical rod,while the dielectric body shown in FIG. 5 has an oval-likeconfiguration. In each such instance, the conductive surfaces or traces52, extend for distinct arc lengths. Both FIGS. 4 and 5 arerepresentative of a “balanced” link of the invention where thecircumferential extent, or arc length C of the two conductive surfaces52 is the same, and the circumferential extents or arc lengths C1 of thenon-conductive exterior surfaces 55 of the dielectric body 51 are alsothe same. This length may be considered to define a gross separation Dbetween the conductive surfaces. As will be explained below, the linkmay be “unbalanced” with one of the conductive surfaces having an arclength that is greater than the other, and in such an instance, thetransmission line is best suited for single-ended, or non-differentialsignal applications. In instances where the dielectric body and link arecircular, the link may serve as a channel contact pin and so be utilizedin connector applications. This circular cross-section demonstrates thesame type of construction as a conventional round contact pin.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, the links of the present invention may bemodified to provide not only multiple conductive elements as part of theoverall system transmission media, but may also incorporate a coincidentand coaxial fiber optic wave guide therewithin for the transmission oflight and optical signals. In this regard, the dielectric body 51 iscored to create a central opening 57 through which an optical fiber 58extends. Electrical signals may be transmitted through this link as wellas light signals 60.

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a transmission line 70 incorporating alink 50 of the present invention that extends between a source 71 and aload 72. The conductive surfaces 52 of the link serve to interconnectthe source and load together, as well as other secondary loads 73intermediate the source and the load. Such secondary loads may be addedto the system to control the impedance through the system. A lineimpedance is established at the source and may be modified by addingsecondary loads to the transmission line.

FIG. 8 illustrates, schematically, the difference between the links ofthe present invention and conventional conductors, which are bothillustrated as supported by a dielectric block 76. Two discrete,conventional conductors 77 are formed from copper or another conductivematerial and extend through the block 76, in the manner of pins. Asshown in enlargement “A”, the two discrete conductor presents an opencell structure with a large inductance (L) because of the enlargedcurrent loop. Quite differently, the links of the present invention havea smaller inductance (L) at a constant impedance due to the proximity ofthe conductive surfaces to each other as positioned as the dielectricbody 51. The dimensions of these links 50 can be controlled in themanufacturing process and extrusion will be the preferred process ofmanufacturing with the conductive surfaces being extended with thedielectric body or separately applied of the extrusion, such as by aselective plating process so that the resulting construction is of theplated plastic variety. The volume of the dielectric body 51 and thespacing between conductive elements disposed thereon may be easilycontrolled such an extrusion process. The conductive surfaces preferablyextend for the length of the dielectric body and may end slightly beforethe ends thereof at a location where it is desired to terminate thetransmission line to a connector, circuit board or similar component,

As FIG. 9 illustrates, the dielectric body may have a bend 80 forwardtherewith in the form of the 90.degree. right-angle bend illustrated orin any other angular orientation. As shown, the conductive surfaces 52extend through the bend 80 with the same separation spacing between themand the same width with which the conductive surfaces start and end. Thedielectric body 51 and the conductive surfaces 52 are easily maintainedin their spacing and separation through the bend to eliminate anypotential losses

FIG. 10 illustrates a transmission line using the links of theinvention. The link 50 is considered as a transmission cable formed fromone or more single dielectric bodies 51, and one end 82 of it isterminated to a printed circuit board 83. This termination may be directin order to minimize any discontinuity at the circuit board. A shorttransfer link 84 that maintains any discontinuities at a minimum is alsoprovided. These links 84 maintain the grouped aspect of the transmissionlink. Termination interfaces 85 may be provided where the link isterminated to the connector with minimum geometry discontinuity orimpedance discontinuity. In this manner, the grouping of the conductivesurfaces is maintained over the length of the transmission lineresulting in both geometric and electrical uniformity.

FIG. 11 illustrates a variety of different cross-sections of thetransmission links 50 of the invention. In the rightmost link 90, acentral conductor 93 is encircled by a hollow dielectric body 94 whichin turn, supports multiple conductive surfaces 95 that are separated byan intervening space, preferably filled with portions of the dielectricbody 94. This construction is suitable for use in power applicationswhere power is carried by the central conductor 93. In the middle link91 of FIG. 11, the central cover 96 is preferably made of a selecteddielectric and has conductive surfaces 97 supported on it. A protectiveouter insulative jacket 98 is preferably provided to protect and orinsulate the inner link. The leftmost link 92 of FIG. 11 has aprotective outer jacket 99 that encloses a plateable polymeric ring 100that encircles either a conductive or insulative core 101. Portions 101of the ring 100 are plated with a conductive material and are separatedby unplated portions to define the two or more conductive surfacesdesired on the body of the ring. Alternatively, one or the elementssurrounding the core or of the link 92 may be filled with air and may bespaced away from an inner member by way of suitable standoffs or thelike.

FIG. 12 illustrates an array of links 110-113 that have their outerregions combined with the dielectric body 51 to form different types oftransmission links. Link 110 has two conductive surfaces 52 a, 52 b ofdifferent arc lengths (i.e., unbalanced) disposed on the outer surfaceof the dielectric body 51 so that the link 110 may provide single-endedsignal operation. Link 111 has two equal-spaced and sized (or“balanced”) conductive elements 52 to provide an effective differentialsignal operation.

Link 112 has three conductive surfaces 115 to support two differentialsignal conductors 115 a and an assorted ground conductor 115 b. Link 113has four conductive surfaces 116 disposed on its dielectric body 51 inwhich the conductive surfaces 116 may either include two differentialsignal channels (or pairs) or a single differential pair with a pair ofassociated grounds.

FIG. 13 illustrates an array of one-type of non-circular links 120-122that polygonal configurations, such as square configurations, as withlink 120 or rectangular configurations as with links 121-122. Thedielectric bodies 51 may be extruded with projecting land portions 125that are plated or otherwise covered with conductive material.Individual conductive surfaces are disposed on individual sides of thedielectric body and preferably differential signal pairs of theconductive surfaces are arranged on opposing sides of the body. Theseland portions 125 may be used to “key” into connector slots ofterminating connectors in a manner so that contact between the connectorterminals (not shown) and the conductive faces 125 is easily effected.

FIG. 14 illustrates some additional dielectric bodies that may beutilized with the present invention. One body 130 is shown as convex,while the other two bodies 131, 132 are shown as being generally concavein configuration. A circular cross-section of the dielectric bodies hasa tendency to concentrate the electrical field strength at the cornersof the conductive surfaces, while a slightly convex form as shown inbody 130, has a tendency to concentrate the field strength evenly,resulting in lower attenuation. A flat conductive surface begins toprovide the most even field concentration over opposing conductivefaces. The concave bodies, as illustrated by dielectric bodies 131, 132may have beneficial crosstalk reduction aspects because it focuses theelectrical field inwardly. The width or arc lengths of these conductivesurfaces, as shown in FIG. 14 are less that the width or arc lengths ofthe respective body sides supporting them.

Importantly, the transmission link may be formed as a single extrusion200 (FIGS. 15-16) carrying multiple signal channels thereupon, with eachsuch channel including a pair of conductive surface 202-203. Theseconductive surfaces 202, 203 are separated from each other by theintervening dielectric body 204 that supports them, as well as webportions 205 that interconnect them together. This extrusion 200 may beused as part of an overall connector assembly 220, where the extrusionis received into a complementary shaped opening 210 formed in aconnector housing 211. The inner walls of the openings 210 may beselectively plated, or contacts 212 may be inserted into the housing 211to contact the conductive surfaces and provide, if necessary, surfacemount or through hole tail portions.

FIG. 17 illustrates the arrangement of two transmission channels 50arranged as illustrated and terminated at one end to a connector block180 and passing through a right angle block 182 that includes a seriesof right angle passages 183 formed therein which receive thetransmission channel links as shown. In arrangements such as that shownin FIG. 17, it will be understood that the transmission channel linksmay be fabricated in a continuous manufacturing process, such as byextrusion, and each such channel may be manufactured with intrinsic orintegrated conductive elements 52. In the manufacturing of theseelements, the geometry of the transmission channel itself may becontrolled, as well as the spacing and positioning of the conductiveelements upon the dielectric bodies so that the transmission channelswill perform as consistent and unitary electronic waveguides which willsupport a single channel or “lane” of signal (communication) traffic.Because the dielectric bodies of the transmission channel links may bemade rather flexible, the systems of the invention are readilyconformable to various pathways over extended lengths withoutsignificantly sacrificing the electrical performance of the system. Theone connector endblock 180 may maintain the transmission channels in avertical alignment, while the block 182 may maintain the ends of thetransmission channel links in a right angle orientation for terminationto other components.

FIG. 18 illustrates a set of convex dielectric blocks or bodies 300-302in which the separation distance L varies and the curve 305 of theexterior surfaces 306 of the blocks rises among the links 300-302. Inthis manner, it should be understood that the shapes of the bodies maybe chosen to provide different lens characteristics for focusing theelectrical fields developed when the conductive elements are energized.

FIG. 19 illustrates a multiple channel extrusion 400 with a series ofdielectric bodies or blocks 401 interconnected by webs 402 in which theconductive surfaces 403 are multiple or complex in nature. As with theconstruction shown in FIG. 13, such an extrusion 400 supports multiplesignal channels, with each of the channels preferably including a pairof differential signal conductive elements.

FIG. 20 illustrates a standard extrusion 200 such as that shown in FIGS.15 and 16.

The links of the present invention may be terminated into connector andother housings. FIGS. 21-23 illustrate one termination interface as asomewhat conical endcap which has a hollow body 501 with a centralopenings 502. The body may support a pair of terminals 504 that matewith the conductive surfaces 52 of the dielectric body 51. The endcap500 may be inserted into various openings in connector housings orcircuit boards and as such, preferably includes a conical insertion end510. The endcap 500 may be structured to terminate only a singletransmission line as is illustrated in FIGS. 21-23, or it may be part ofa multiple termination interface and terminate multiple distincttransmission lines as illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 25.

FIG. 24 illustrates the endcaps 500 in place on a series of links 520that are terminated to an endblock 521 that has surface mount terminals522 so that the endblock 521 may be attached to a circuit board (notshown). The endcap need not take the conical structure shown in thedrawings, but may take other shapes and configurations similar to thatshown and described below.

FIG. 25 illustrates an alternate construction of an end block 570. Inthis arrangement, the transmission lines, or links 571, are formed froma dielectric and include a pair of conductive extents 572 formed ontheir exterior surfaces (with the extents 572 shown only on one side forclarity and their corresponding extents being formed on the surfaces ofthe links 571 that face into the plane of the paper of FIG. 25). Theseconductive extents 572 are connected to traces 573 on a circuit board574 by way of conductive vias 575 formed on the interior of the circuitboard 574. Such vias may also be constructed within the body of the endblock 570, if desired. The vias 575 are preferably split as shown andtheir two conductive sections are separated by an intervening gap 576 tomaintain separation of the two conductive transmission channels at thelevel of the board.

FIG. 26 illustrates an endcap, or block 600 mounted to a printed circuitboard 601. This style of endcap 600 serves as a connector and thusincludes a housing 602, with a central slot 603 with various keyways 604that accept projecting portions of the transmission link. The endcapconnector 600 may have a plurality of windows 620 for access tosoldering the conductive tail portions 606 of the contacts 607 tocorresponding opposing traces on the circuit board 601. In instances ofsurface mount tails a shown, the tails 606 may have their horizontalparts 609 tucked under the body of the endcap housing to reduce thecircuit board pad size needed, as well as the capacitance of the systemat the circuit board.

FIG. 27A illustrates a partial skeletal view of the endcap connector 600and shows how the contacts, or terminals 607 are supported within andextend through the connector housing 602. The terminals 607 may includea dual wire contact end 608 for redundancy in contact (and for providinga parallel electrical path) and the connector 600 may include a couplingstaple 615 that has an inverted U-shape and which enhances coupling ofthe terminals across the housing. The coupling staple 615 can be seen tohave an elongated backbone that extends lengthwise through the connectorhousing 602. A plurality of legs that are spaced apart from each otherby spaces along the length of the coupling staple extend down toward thecircuit board and each such leg has a width that is greater than acorresponding width of the terminal that it opposes. As shown in thedrawings, the coupling staple legs are positioned in alignment with theterminals. The tail portions of these dual wire terminals 607 enhancethe stability of the connector. In this regard, it also provides controlfor the terminals that constitute a channel (laterally) across thehousing slot 601. The dual contact path not only provides for pathredundancy but also reduces the inductance of the system through theterminals. FIG. 27B is a view of the interior contact assembly that isused in the endcap connector 600 of FIGS. 26 and 27A. The terminals 607are arranged on opposite sides of the connector and are mounted withinrespective support blocks 610. These support blocks 610 are spaced apartfrom each other a preselected distance that assists in spacing theterminal contacts 608 apart.

A conductive coupling staple 615 having an overall U-shape, or bladeshape, may be provided and may be interposed between the terminals 607and support blocks 610 to enhance the coupling between and among theterminals 607. The coupling staple 615 has a series of blades 620 thatare spaced apart by intervening spaces 621 and which are interposedbetween pairs of opposing contacts (FIG. 28) 6087 and which extenddownwardly toward the surface of the circuit board. The staple 615extends lengthwise through the connector body between the connectorblocks 610. The connector blocks 610 and the connector housing 602(particularly the sidewalls thereof) may have openings 616 formedtherein that receive engagement plugs 617 therein to hold the twomembers in registration with each other. Other means of attachment maybe utilized, as well.

FIG. 28 is an end view of the connector 600, which illustrates theinterposition of the coupling staple between a pair of opposing contacts608 and the engagement of the connector blocks 610 and the connectorhousing 602.

Notwithstanding all of the foreging, FIG. 29 illustrates an embodimentof an electro-magnetically shielded transmission line or “channel link”constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.In FIG. 29, a planar dielectric substrate 700 with upper 702 and lower704 planar surfaces has two, parallel slot transmission lines 706 and708 formed in the substrate 700.

The first slot transmission line 706 is formed by cutting, molding,etching, abraiding or otherwise forming a slot 710 through the substrate700. By forming the slot 710 through the substrate, two opposing facesor surfaces 712 714 are formed, which will of course be made up of thesame material as the substrate 700.

A conductive material 716 is applied to both of the opposing surfaces712, 714 to form two, electrically separate conductors. Conductivematerial can be applied by a variety of methods: vapor deposition orsputtering. Metal plated plastic can be used as well. Similarly, acompletely plated substrate can be selectively etched whereby metal isremoved, leaving the conductive material on the opposing surfaces 712and 714.

The conductive material 716 on the surface 712 is electrically isolatedfrom conductive material 716 on the other surface 714, and therefore,the conductive material 716 on the surfaces 712, 714 form electricallyisolated conductors. These conductors (hereafter also considered to beidentified by reference numerals 712 and 714) are separated by adielectric-filled intervening space (of either air or a selecteddielectric) between them, and they form a transmission line tohigh-frequency signals that are impressed on the conductive material 716on the opposing conductive surfaces 712, 714.

The second slot transmission line 708 is formed like the first slottransmission line 706. A slot 730 is cut; the opposed surfaces 732 and734 are coated or metallized by the conductive material 716 applied toboth of the opposing surfaces 732, 734. Two electrically-separateconductors formed by the conductive material 716 on the opposingsurfaces 732 and 742 are separated by a dielectric to form the second,slot transmission line to high-frequency signals that are applied to theconductive material 716 on the opposing surfaces 732, 734.

For simplicity of description, the conductive material 716 on the firstpair of opposing surfaces 712, 714 is hereafter considered to compriseseparate electrical conductors, 712 and 714. The conductive material 716on the second pair of opposing surfaces 734, 744 is hereafter consideredto form electrically separate conductors 723 and 734.

The lower planar surface 704 of the dielectric 700 has a conductivematerial 716 applied to it, which forms a planar ground conductor 740 ofthe dielectric substrate 700. This planar ground conductor 740 ismaintained at a reference potential, e.g., zero volts or “ground”potential, for the signals carried on the conductors 712, 714 and 732,734. In the preferred embodiment, the signals on the conductors 712 and714 in the first slot transmission line 706 are differential signals andthe conductors 712 and 714 are considered to be a “differential pair.”In addition, the signals on the conductors 732 and 734 in the secondslot transmission line 708 are differential signals and the conductors732 and 734 are also considered to be a “differential pair.”

FIG. 29 also shows several conductive vias 750. For this description,the term “via” includes any passage way that extends between the uppersurface 702 and lower surface 704 of the dielectric substrate 700. A“conductive via” should be considered to a passageway plated orpartially or completely filled with an electrically conductive materialby which electrical current is conducted through the via 750.

As shown in FIG. 29, the conductive vias 750 are orthogonal to the uppersurface 702 and lower surface 704 and extend through the dielectricsubstrate 700. Alternate embodiments include vias that arenon-orthogonal. Regardless of their inclination, they are electricallycommon with the conductive material 716 that covers the lower surface704.

At the upper surface 702 of the dielectric substrate 700, the conductivevias 750 are extended into conductive pads 752 (preferably formed fromthe conductive material 716 applied to the opposing surfaces 712, 714,732, and 734) that sit on top of the upper surface 702 of the dielectricsubstrate 700. Each of the conductive pads 752 shown in FIG. 29 have arectangular area but alternate embodiments include conductive pads thatare circular, square, triangular, random or other geometric shapes.

Each of the pads 752 extends away from the conductive via 750 to whichit is electrically attached. By stretching the area of the pads 752 awayfrom its via 750, the area of reference potential above the surface areaof a corresponding via 750 is increased providing a larger ground areaand a better electromagnetic shield. Accordingly, each of the conductivepads 752 extends at least partially toward the slot transmission lines706 and 708. For example, the conducive pads 752 shown in FIG. 29 to the“left” of the conductive surface 712 of the first slot transmission line706 have an area greater than the vias 750 to which they are connectedand thereby broaden the area of the ground potential, adjacent the slottransmission line. Similarly, the conducive pads 752 to the “right” ofthe conductive surface 714 of the first slot transmission line 706 havean area greater than the vias 750 to which they are connected, therebybroadening the conductive area at reference potential adjacent theconductive surface 714.

By extending the reference potential of the ground plane 740 on thelower or bottom 704 of the dielectric substrate 700, upward through thedielectric 700 on the vias 750, the vias provide several,reference-potential electrodes adjacent to the slot transmission lines.The vias 750 act as a sort of gate or fence to signals on thetransmission lines 706 and 708. By extending the reference potential onthe vias 750 to the pads 752 on the upper surface 702, an evenlarger-area reference potential electrode is provided on the uppersurface of the dielectric 700 and even closer to the signals that arecarried through the slot transmission lines, shielding the transmissionlines even more tightly than if the vias alone were used. The closereference potential shields high-frequency signals more effectively thanif they were absent. In an alternate construction, the vias may alsoconnect to a continuous conductive trace on a surface of the body thatis established between the signal carrying channel and thereby act as aground guard.

FIG. 30 shows a sectional view of the substrate 700 through sectionlines A-A, which are shown in FIG. 29 to be “left” of the second slottransmission line 708. As shown in FIG. 30, spacing between theconductive pads 752 on the upper surface 702 of the dielectric substrate700 is shown to be relatively small. Spacing between the vias 750 isalso relatively small. Because the lower electrode 740 on the lowersurface 704 is at ground or other reference potential, the vias 750 andthe pads 752 are also at ground or reference potential. When the vias750 and the pads 752 are provided on both sides of a slot transmissionline, as shown in FIG. 29, they provide a ground enclosure to signals onan adjacent slot transmission line. In this manner, they communicatethough to the next common ground plane in the next transmission section.

FIG. 31 shows another alternate embodiment of shielded slot transmissionlines, however, the shielding in FIG. 31 includes a planar conductiveshield 704-2 that is above or “on” the upper surface 702-1 of a firstdielectric layer 700-1. The upper planar conductive shield 740-2 iselectrically coupled to the conductive pads 752 on the upper surface702-2 of the first layer 700-1. The upper conductive shield 740-2 isapplied to the lower surface 704-2 of a second layer of dielectric700-2. In so doing, the upper conductive layer 740-2 provides a completeground encirclement of signals in the slot transmission lines 706 and708.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that forming a slotthrough a dielectric will leave an air gap. This air gap forms thedielectric between the conductive material 716 on the opposing surfaces.A non-air dielectric could certainly be used in the slot transmissionlines.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the slottransmission lines described above can be readily formed in a circuitboard. As such, electronic components could be readily coupled to theslot transmission lines.

The conductive material 718 deposited on the opposed surfaces of thevarious sections of transmission line should be considered “differentialsignal pairs.” Those of skill in the art know a “differential signalpair” to be a pair of conductors that each alternating polarity signals.Differential signals are well-known to be those of ordinary skill in theart and the conductors in the embodiments described above should beconsidered to be useful as differential signal pairs.

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 12. A dielectric body incorporating a transmission line,comprising: the body including upper and lower opposing surfaces; afirst slot formed through the upper surface of said dielectric body,said first slot having first and second opposing faces spaced apart fromeach other by an intervening space, both first and second opposing slotfaces each have a conductive surface that is capable of carryingdifferential signals thereon; a ground conductor coupled to, andextending in a plane along the body lower surface, the ground conductorbeing at a reference potential for signals carried on the conductivesurfaces on the opposing slot faces; a first conductive via, extendingthrough said dielectric body between said lower and upper surface, saidfirst conductive via being located adjacent to the conductive surface onsaid first opposing face; a first substantially planar conductive pad onthe upper surface of said dielectric body, said conductive pad extendingaway from the first conductive via on the upper surface and toward theconductive surface on said first opposing face, said conductive padbeing electrically coupled to said conductive via; a second conductivevia, extending through the substantially planar dielectric substratefrom the lower surface to the upper surface, said second conductive viabeing located adjacent to the conductive surface on said second opposingface and electrically contacting said ground conductor; and, a secondsubstantially planar conductive pad on the upper surface of saiddielectric body, said conductive pad extending away from the secondconductive via on the upper surface and toward the conductive surface onsaid second opposing face, said conductive pad being electricallycoupled to said conductive via.
 13. A dielectric body incorporating atransmission line structure, comprising: the body including discreteupper and lower opposing surfaces; a first slot formed through the uppersurface of said dielectric body, said first slot having first and secondopposing faces spaced apart from each other by an intervening space,both first and second opposing slot faces each have a conductive surfacethat is capable of carrying differential signals thereon; a groundconductor coupled to, and extending in a plane along the lower surfaceof said dielectric body, said ground conductor being at a referencepotential for signals carried on the conductive surfaces on the opposingslot faces; and, a plurality of first conductive vias arranged in linealong a first side of said first slot, each of the first conductive viasbeing electrically contacting the ground conductor and extending throughsaid dielectric body between said lower and upper surfaces, saidplurality of first conductive vias being located adjacent to theconductive surface on said first opposing face; a plurality of secondconductive vias arranged in line along a second side of said first slot,each of the second conductive vias being electrically contacting saidground conductor and extending through said dielectric body from saidlower surface to said upper surface, said plurality of second conductivevias being located adjacent to the conductive surface on said firstopposing face; a plurality of first conductive pads spaced apart fromeach other and arranged in a line along a first side of said first slot,the first conductive pads being electrically connected to said firstconductive vias; a plurality of second conductive pads spaced apart fromeach other and arranged in a line along a second side of said secondslot, the second conductive pads being electrically connected to saidsecond conductive vias.
 14. The transmission line of claim 13, whereinsaid ground conductor is electrically coupled to said first and secondconductive pads disposed on said upper surface and extending along saidupper surface of said dielectric body.
 15. The transmission line ofclaim 13, further including a non-air dielectric material at leastpartially filling said intervening space.
 16. The transmission line ofclaim 1, further including a second ground conductor coupled to, andextending along said upper surface of said dielectric body, said secondground conductor being at a reference potential for signals carried onthe conductive surfaces on the opposing slot faces.
 17. A circuit boardcomprising: a dielectric body having upper and lower planar, opposingsurfaces; a first slot transmission line formed in the dielectric bodyupper surface, said first slot transmission line having first and secondopposing faces spaced apart from each other by an intervening space,both opposing slot faces each have a conductive surface that is capableof carrying a first differential signal thereon; a second slottransmission line formed in said dielectric body upper surface, saidsecond slot transmission line also having first and second opposingfaces spaced apart from each other by an intervening space, bothopposing slot faces of said second slot transmission line each have aconductive surface that is capable of carrying a second differentialsignal thereon, at least part of said second slot transmission linebeing parallel to and laterally displaced from said first slottransmission line in said dielectric body; a ground conductor coupled toand extending along said dielectric body lower surface, said groundconductor being at a reference potential for signals carried on theconductive surfaces on the opposing slot faces of said first and secondslot transmission lines; a second ground conductor extending along anabove the first slot transmission line and the second slot transmissionline, said second ground conductor being electrically coupled to theplurality of conductive vias disposed between the first and second slottransmission lines; and, a plurality of conductive vias extendingthrough said dielectric body, said conductive vias being electricallyconnected to, and extending from the planar ground conductor, throughsaid dielectric body upper surface, said conductive vias being furtherdisposed between the first and second slot transmission lines.
 18. Thetransmission line of claim 17, further including a conductive pad onsaid dielectric body upper surface, said conductive pad beingelectrically coupled to a corresponding conductive via, each conductivepad extending away from its corresponding via toward said firstconductive surface on the first opposing face of said first slottransmission line and toward said second conductive surface on saidsecond opposing face of said second slot transmission line so as toprovide a reference potential between the first and second slottransmission lines.
 19. The transmission line of claim 17, wherein saidconductive vias are substantially equidistant from said second opposingface of said first slot transmission line and said first opposing faceof said second slot transmission line.